Phase-adjusting means for alternating-current motors.



PATENTED JAN. 1, 1907.

No. 839,9S5.

B. G'QLAMMB. PHASE ADJUSTING MEANS FOR ALTBRNATING CURRENT MOTORS.

APPLIGATIQN FILED FEB= 6. 1905.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 1 Fig.2.

my. a.

WITNESSES: $1M. flm

ATTORNEY No. 839,935. PATENTED JAN. 1,1907.

B. G. LAMMB.

v PHASE ADJUSTING MEANS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS.

- APPLIOATION FILED F153. 6. 1905.

I u SHEETS-SHEET 2. I7 I wnuassss:

' I AfTORNEY PATENTED JAN. 1, 1907.

' B. G. LAMME. PHASE ADJUSTING MEANS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 6. 1905.

6 SHEETS-SHEBT 3.

2 INVENTOR WITNESSES:

ATTORNEY No..839,935. PATENTED JAN. 1, 1907.

B. G. LAMMH.

PHASE ADJUSTING MEANS FOR ALTBRNATING CURRENT MOTORS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. s. 1905.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 4 ,PATENTED JAN. 1, 1907.

B. G. LAMM-E.

POR ALTERNATING CURB ENT MOTORS.

PHASE ADJUSTING MEANS APPLICATION FILED FEB, a. 1905.

e SHEETS-SHEET 5.

g INVENTOR v WITNESSES:

ATT'ORNEY PATENTED JAN. 1, 1907.

. B. G. LAMME. PHASE ADJUSTING MEANS FOR ALTERNATING OURR ENT MOTORS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 6. 1905.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 6.

Fly /3.

IIII'Y'VIIII' 'I'I'IYYI {g lgVENTOR ATTORNEY WITNESSES: $.1 744% the field-magnet wmdlng may be largely a UNITED STATES PATENT oEEIoE.

BENJAMIN G. LAMME, OF PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING COMPANY, A COR- PORATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

PHASE-ADJUSTING MEANS FOR ALTERNATlNG-CURRENT MOTORS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. 1, 1-907.

Application filed February 6. 1905. Serial No. 244,475.

To (all w/umt it may concern:

Be it known that I, BENJAMIN GT LAMME, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Pittsburg, in the county of Allegheny and State of Pennsylvania, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Phase-Adjusting Means for Alternating-Current l\'iotors, of

which the followingiis a specification.

My invention relates to alternating-current motors of the commutator type of construction; and its object is to provide im proved means for supplying energy to such motors from multiphase sources, whereby the proper phase relations of the currents traversing the armature and field-magnet windings for the most efficient'and economical apforces differing ninety degrees in phase, the

currents in the armature and field-magnet windings may reverse nearly simultaneously. Thls is true because the current supplied to magnetizing or wattless current that I lags nearly ninety degrees behind the electromotive force impressed upon that circuit, while the armature-circuit may be and is ordinarily made with but little self-induction, so that the current in this circuit lags but little behind the electromotive force impressed upon it. It is obvious, then,,that if the electromotive forces applied to the two circuits diiier ninety degrees in phase the currents in the armature and field-magnet circuits diff er but little in phase. 'It has been found in practice, however, that in order to obtain minimum armature-current for a given torque it IS necessary that the'currents In the armature and field circuits be morenearly coinci- I cuit cannot be made entirely noninductive. Moreover, when constant voltages are applied to the armature and field-magnet windings the amount of current in the field-magnet winding, as well as its phase relation with respect to the electromot ive force applied to .the winding, remains practically constant,

even under variations in the load upon the motor; but the amount of current in the armature-circuit varies according to the work which the motor is doing, and the phase relations of this current with respect to the electromotive force applied to the armaturewinding varies as the amount of current varies. Thus the phase relations of the currents in the armature and field-magnet windings with respect to each other vary as the work done by the motor varies. IVith no load on the motor i'. 6., with but small cur- 'rents flowing in the armature-circuit the phase relations may be reasonably close to what is desired; but as load is placed on the motor the phase relations of the armature and field currents with respect to each other change.

It is the purpose of this invention to provide means for effecting the proper adjustment of the phase relations of the armature and field currents in order to obtain minimum armaturecurrent for a given torque regardlessof the load upon the motor. This may be done by either of two methods-viz., by varying the phase relation of the electro- -motive force applied to one circuit with respect'to that applied to the other in accordance with changes in load or by altering the phase relations of the ciurent and electromotive force in the armature-winding or in the field-magnet winding, or in both.

My invention also provides means for de riving electromotive forces differing ninety degrees in phase from a three-phase source of energy andapplying them, respectively, to the armature and field-magnet circuits of a motor of the type described. This may be done by connecting an autot-ransformer winding between two terminals of a threephase source and by connecting one terminal of one of the motor-circuits to the third terminal of the source and the other terminal to the middle point of the autotransformer- ICC With this arrangement the electromotive force applied to the circuit, the terminals of .whichare connected, respectively, to one supply-conductor and the middle point of the transformer-winding, is substantially .867 of the potential difference existing between the other two supply-conductors, and the elec'tromotive ,forces applied to the. fieldmagnet and armature windings, respectively,

differ in phase by ninety degrees. A varia-. .tion or deviation from an exact quadrature relation may be obtained if circuit connection is made to other than the middle point of the autotransformenwinding.

My invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which 7 Figure -1 illustrates diagrammatically a Imotor' supplied from a two-phase source which is provided with a specific type of phase-adjusting means. Figs. 2 and 3- are vector diagrams illustrative of the approximate phase. relations of the currents and electromotive forces ofthe motor shown in Fig. 1.. Figs. 4, 5, and 7 are diagrammatic views illustrating modifications of my invention as employed in connection with-twophase systems. Fig. 6 is a vector diagram; of the approximate phase relations as they may occur in the modification of Fig. 5.;

Fig. 8 illustrates diagrammatically a motor. which is supplied from a threehase source and which'is also provided Wit meansfor 'efiecting'changes in the phase relations of the' currents in the armature and field circuits. Figs. 9 and 10 are vector diagrams illustrative of the approximate phase relations of the currents and electromotive forces in the mo-- tor shownin Fig.8. Fig. 11 illustrates diagrammatically still another modification of my invention asit may be employedin con 'nection with a-threephase system, and Fig.

12 is a vector diagram of the approximate phase relations as they may occur in the motorof Fig. 11. the motor system shown'in-Fig. 8. F' .[14

I IS a vector diagram of the approximate-p ase' relations of the currents and electromotive forces in the motor of Fig. ,13.

In Fig. 1 a transformer-Winding 1 is supplied with energy from a suitable two-phase generator 2, having a closed-coil armature- Winding, by means of conductors 3 and 4. Armature 5 of motor-6 derives its energy from the transformer-winding 1, a suitable means for varying the electromotive force applied to the armature-winding comprising a movable arm 7,. adapted to engage contactterminals 8, which are connected with spaced points in the transformer 7 winding 1 by means of leads 9. I

. One terminal of the field-magnet winding of the motor 6is connected to supply-conductor '11 and the other terminal is connected 'to a suitable conducting-strip 12 of a regulating device 13. A brush 14 is adapted Fig. 13 is a modification of.

to make sliding contact withthe conductingstrip 12 and to engage contact-terminals 15,

which are connected to suitable spaced points in a winding 16, which is placed in theisame magnetic circuit as the transformerwinding 1 and one terminal of which is connected to' sup." ly-conductor '17-. The brush 14 is carrie by the core 180i a solenoid 19, which is connected in series with the motorarmature: Aspring 2g is attached to the brush in any suitable manner for the purpose of resisting thepull exerted by the solenoid 19. If the current'in the armature-circuit increasesgthe brush 1% is moved seas to out into the 'fieldv circuit more of the Winding 16, and if the current" in the armature-circuit decreases the spring'20 causes art of the winding 16 to be cut outgofthe fie decircuit.

It is ofcourseunderstoodthat the control: ling device -1 3,is only illustrative of any suitable means for varying the length of the windin'g'lfi included inithe field-circuit sub-" stantiaily in accordance'with. variations in ;the amount of current in the armaturecircuit and that other devices for efiecting this result may be employedwithinthe scope of --myinvention.

An understanding of the capproximate phase relations of the'currents'iand electromotive forces in the armature and field-magnet windings under the different conditions maybe obtained from a consideration of Figs. 2 and 3'. In Fig. 2 I have shown the approximate phase relations as they would -electromotive force 0E since when a part .orthe whole of the transformer-winding 16 is included in the field-circuit the electromotive force OE which is applied to the fieldmagnet winding, is the resultant of the electromotive force OE that is derived from the 'supply-circuit and the electromotive force 00, that is derived from the winding 16, the -i electromotive force 0C being in phase with the "electromotive force 012,. The angle E OI is determined by the power factor of the field-circuit and remains thesame in both cases. As above noted, the angle 'E OE in Fig. 3 is less thanthe corresponding angle in Fig. 2, and hence the angle 6 in Fig. 3 is less than the angle '9 in Fig. 2. The field magnetism being proportional to and in phase with the field current. the line OI: may

represent the phase direction of the field magnetism as well as that of the field-current.

The torque exerted by the armature of such a motor as is hereinbefore described is proportional to the product of the armature-- is a maximum,and when'the component OD is a maximum-i. a, .when the field and ar mature currents are most nearly in phase-- the power factor-of. the motor is a maximum 'and' the armature-current is aminimumfor that particular torque. I I

It 'will'be "understood that the electromotive force represented by the line'OC maybe M ehosenlof such magnitude that theresultant .electromotive'force OE, and the corresponding current OI; may be shifted to'bring the field-magnet current OI; and the armaturecurrent OI. into phase with each otheri. e.,, so thatthe lines OI, and OI will 'coincide direction. While this is a desirable condition for'o eration and, as just stated,

I may be attaine if the component forces are I 3 and 4 as the t'ranstormer-wmding" 1. The 'apgroximat'e phase relations of the currents shown in Fig. 6, in which theelectromotive winding 16.

which supp ing, the primary winding 22 of which is conproperly. chosen, I have indicated relations that 0111 approximate this condition, for the reason t at such approximation may be more convenientlyand clearly illustrated.

I Various .modifica'tions of my invention, such as are shown in Figs. 4, 5, and 7, may be ing' of a separate transformer 21 from that 'es energy to, the armature-windnected between the same supply-conductors electromotive forces in the armature and field-magnetwindirigs' 'ofFig. 4 are shown in Fig. 3. I

n Fig; the winding '16 of an autotrans former 23 is connected to supply-conductors- 4 and 17, between which is an electromotive force that differs in phase from that which is a plied to thearmature-circuit and also from t at which is supplied to the field-magnet circuit. "The approximate phase relatlons are force OE impressed upon the field-magnet winding, is the resultant of the electromotive force OE, applied to the field-circuit and the electromot1vevforce OC derived from the A11 autotransformer-winding 24 may also be connected between the same supply-conductors 3 and 4 as is the main transformerwinding 1, and the points "of connection of the field-magnet winding therewith may be shifted inaccordance with variations in the amount of current traversing the armaturecircuit, substantially as shown in Fig. 7.

' In Fig. 8 a transformer-winding 25 is supplied with one phase of the energy from a three-phase source 26 through su ply-conductors 27. and 28, and, as before, t e armature 5 of motor 6 derives its energy from the transformer-winding. One terminal of the field-magnetwinding 10 is connected to the third supply-conductor 29 and the other terminal is connected to a conducting-stri 12 of a regulating device 13, the details of which are similar to those shown in Fig. 1 and need not be further described. The contact-terminals 15, however, of the regulating device 13 are connected to spacedpoints in the transformer-winding near its middle, and the phase relations of the electromotive forces applied to the armature and fieldimagnet windings are varied substantially in accordance with variations in the amount of current traversing the. armature-circuit by the automatic variation of the position of the brush 14.

In Fig. 9 the reference characters are the same as those employed in the preceding vector diagrams and the approximate phase relations of the currents and electromotive forces in the armature and field-magnet windings illustrated in Fig. 8 are represented substantially as they occur when the terminal of the field-magnet winding 10 is connected to the middle point of the transformer-windin 25.

ig.- 10 shows the approximate phase relations of the currents and electromotive forces in the armature and field circuits as they may be altered by a change brush 14 of Fig. 8, it

in the position. of the angle (9 is less in-Fig. 10 than in Fig 9.

t may become desirable in practice to employ some very simple and comparatively inexpensive device, such as a rheostat, for effecting the desired changes in the phase rela-vv tions of .the motor-currents, particularly when the device is to be manually operated. In that event, the electromotive force OE, applied to the field-magnet winding may be shifted by means already'described to such a degree that the current OI in the field-mag net winding will be nearly in phase with the .curr'ent'OI in the armature-Windingat any given load. .If the load on the motor should then be changed, the phase relations of the electromotive force and current in the armature-circuit with respectto each other will change, as hereinbefore noted, and the phase relation of the current in the armaturecir (mil; with respect to the current in the fieldcircuit will likewisechange. By avariation of the amount of resistance in the field-circuit the phiise relation of the field-current to its electromotive force may be'ch anged so as to compensate or partly compensate for the ein observed that the change in the phase relation of the armaturecurrent with respect to its electromotive .force produced by thechange in the load on :lapparatusand circuits are the same as those the motora Means for eflectingsuch adjustments are illustratedfin 11, in which the l illustrated in Fig. 8, except in the particulars which will be specifically mentioned, The amountof resistance 30 which is inserted in the field-circuit may be varied manually or. it. may be varied automatically by means of the same regulating device 13 which is em net winding 10 to the transformer-winding 25,

, and an automatic device 31 like the device 1 3' of Fig. 8, is employed for varying the amount of the resistance 30 that is included inthe] field-magnet circuit. Referring now toFig. '12, if the adjustment of the electromotive forces of the two circuits causes the ,field-current 01,; to lag behind the armature-currentOI the components of the field electromotive force OE may be OR, to overcome resistance and OL to overcome inductance.- If the resistance componentis in creased to a length represented by the line OR r, the inductance component will become: OL and the field-current will be brought into phase with the armature-current 0L; and

may be represented-by the line OI The phase relations of the currents the armature and field-magnet windings may be altered a motor system of the eneral;

character shown in Fig. Sby varying t e self- .inductionof the field-circuit, and'means for ,efiecting. this result are shown in Fig. 13.

I ,These means comprise an inductive winding .45.

32, which'i's connected in series with-the fieldmagnet winding 10 and subdivided by means of leads 33,'that areconnected to the contact- I terminal of aregulating device 13 of the.

general character of the one shown in Figs. 1 and 4.

The phase relations are shown in the vector diagram of Fig. 14, in which. line OI represents the current in the field-magnet winding when all of the inductive winding 32 is cut While I have shown and described my invention as employed only for the purposeof altering the phase of the current in the field-magnet' 'windin'g' with respect to that of the current inth'e annature-winding, it is ofcourse understood'than'if it is desired so to do, the'phase of the currentin the armature-winding with respect to that of the current in the field-magnet winding maybe adjusted in accordance'with the same method and to meet the same or any other desired conditions.

The methods and some of the specific means for effecting adjustment ofthe' phase relations of the currents in the armature and field-magnet windings hereinbefore set forth form the subjects-matter of an application, Serial No. 244,482, filed jointly by Clarence Renshaw and myself, application Serial 0.

244,481, filed by Clarence Renshaw, and aptromotive forces. i

i 2. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and fieldmagnet-windings and means for supplying to the respective windings single-phase electromotive forces that differ "approximately ninety degrees phase, of means exterior tov the motor'for bringing the currents in the armature and field magnet windings apj proximately into phase with each other.

3. The combination with an alternatingciirrent motor havingarmatur'e and fieldmagnet windings "and means for supplying to the respective windings single-phase electromotive forces that differ approximately ninety degrees in phase, of means for altering the phase relations of said electromotive forces in order to bring the currents inthe armature and field-magnet windings approximately into phase with each other.

4. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and fieldmagnet-windings and means for supplying electromotive forces difiering approximately ninety degrees in phase respectivelyto said windings, of means for varying the'phase relations of the said 'elec'tromotiveforces approximately proportion to the variations in the amount of current traversing the armature-circuit.

5. The combination with an alternating-' current motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces differing approximately ninety degrees in phase respectively to said windings, of means for varying the phase relations of the said electromotive forces sub stantially in accordance with variations in the torque exerted by the motor.

6. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and. fieldmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces differing approxlmately ninety degrees in phase respectively to said windings, of means for varying the phase relations of the said electromotive forces approximately in proportion to the amount of current traversing the armature-circuit, comprising a controlling device responsive to variations in the amount of current in the armature-circuit.

7. The combination with an alternating-- armature-circuit.

8. The combination with a source of threephase alternating current energy and an electric motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings, of an autotransformerwinding having its terminals connected between two of the supply-conductors from the source, means for connecting the armature-winding between any two points insaid autotransformer winding, and means for varying the connection of one terminal of the iield-magnet winding with points near the middle of the autotra'nsformer-winding, the other terminal of the field-magnet winding being connected to the third supplyconductor.

9. The combination with a source of threephase alternating-current energy and an electric motor having armature-and fieldmagnet windings, of an autotransformerwinding having its terminals connectedbetween two of the conductors from the source,

, means for connecting the armature-winding between any two points in said autotransformer-winding, and means for automatically varying the connection of one terminal of the field magnet winding with .points located near the middle of the autotransformer-winding approximately in proportion to the variations in the amount of current.

traversing the armature-circuit, the remaining terminal of the field-magnet winding being connected to the third supply-conductor.

10. The combination'with a source of three-phase alternating-current energy, of a transformerwinding connectedbetween two of the supply-conductors from. said source, and an electric motor having its armatureterminals connected to points in the transformer-Winding and having its field-magnet winding connected between the third supplyconductor and approximately the middle point of the transformer-winding.

11. The combination with a source of three-phase alternating-current energy and an electric motor having armature andfieldmagnet windings, of a transformer-winding which derives energy from one phase of said source, means for connecting the armaturewinding to said transformer-Winding, and means for connecting one terminal of the field-magnet winding with the transformer- Winding,-the other terminal being connected to a supply-conductor.

12. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces differing in phase respectively to. said windings, of automatically-adjusted means for altering the phase relations of said electromotive forces.

13. The combination with an alternatin current motor having armature and fiel magnet windings and means for supplying to the respective windin s single-phase electromotive forces that di er in phase, of means exterior to the motor for bringing the curre'iits in the armature and field-magnet windings approximately into phase with each other.

14. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and field-.

magnet windings and means for supplying to the respective windin s single-phase electromotive forces that di er in phase, of means for altering the phase relations of said electromotive forces in order to bring the currents in the armature andfield-magnet windings approximately into phase with each other.

15. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces differing in phase respectively to said windings, of means for varying the phase relations of the said electromotive forces approximately in proportion to the variations in the amount of current traversing the armature-circuit.

* 16. The combination with an alternatin current motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces differing in phase respectively to said windings, of means for varying the phase relations of the said electromotive forces substantially in accordance with variations iii-:the torque exerted by the motor. f

17. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and fie dmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces'differing in phase respectively to said windings, of means for varying the phase relations of the said electro motive forces approximately in proportion to the amount of current traversing the armature-circuit, comprising a controlling de- -vice responsive to variations in the amount of current in the armature-circuit. I 18. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having an armature-circuit of low self-induction and a field-magnet circuit of high self-induction, and means for supplying e ectromotive forces differing in phase respectively to said windings, of means for varying the phase relations of the said electromotive forces approximately in proportion to the amount of current traversnig the armature-circuit.

, 19. The combination with an alternating- 1 net windings.

21. The combination with an alternati current motor'having armature and fiel magnet windings and means for supplying to the respective windings single-phase electromotive forces that differ in phase, of means external to the motor for producing closer phase coincidence of the currents in the' armature and field-magnet windings than is normally due to difference in the power factors of said windings.

22. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and fieldma-g'net windings and means for supplying to the respective windings single-phase electromotive forces that difier in phase respectively to said windings, of means external to the motor for producing closer hase coincidence ofthe armature and fiel magnetisms than is normally due to difference in the power factors of the armature andfield-magnetwindings. g

23. The combination with an alternatin current motor having armature and fiel magnet windingsv an means for supplying electromotive forces difi ering in phase res ectively to said windings, of automaticaly-adjusted means exterior to the motor for adjustin the phase relations of the armature and eld magnetisms.

24. The'combination with an alternatingcurrent motor havin armature and fieldmagnet windings an .means for supplying electromotive forces differing in phase respectively to said windings, of means exterior to the motor for adjusting the phase relations of the armature and field magnetisms in accordance with the variations in the amount of current traversing the armaturecircuit.

25. The combination with a source of three-phase alternating-current energy and an electric motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings, of a transformer-winding connected between two sup ly-conductors from said source, the termina s of one of the motor-windings being connected to said transformer-winding and the other motor-' source, the other motor-winding being connected between an intermediate point in said transformer-winding and the third supplyconductor.

27. The combination with an alternatin current motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces differing in phase respectively thereto, of means for varying the phase of the electromotive forces applied to one circuit with respect to that applied to the other circuit in accordance with varia- IOC tions of the phase relations of the current and electromotive force of the other circuit.

28. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor having armature and fieldmagnet'windings and means for supplying electromotive forces differing in phase re spkectively thereto, of means for varying the p ase of the electromotive force applied to one circuit in accordance with the amount of current traversing the other circuit.

29. The combination with an alternatin current motor having armature and fieldmagnet windings and means for supplying electromotive forces difiering in phase respectively theieto, of means for varying the phase of the electromotive force applied to one circuit in accordance with the amount of current traversing the armature-circuit.

30. The combination with an alternat' current motor havi armature and fiel magnet windings, an means for supplying electromotive forces differing in phase respectively thereto, of means for varying the phase relations of ti e electromotive forces in accordance with variations in the phase difference between the electromotive force and current supplied torone of the windings.

31. The co mbinationwith an alternating current -mot or havin armature and fieldmagnet windings, an means'for supplying net windings, of means external to the machine for producing closer phase coincidence of the currents inthe armature and field- -'ma'gn'et windings than normally results from I v the dilierence in power'factors ofthe windings. I r 33. The combination withasource of polyphase alternating current and a dynanioelectric machine having armature. and fieldmagnet windings connected to the resp'ective phases thereof, {of means for varying the phase of the electromotive force applied to magnet windings connected to the respective phases. thereof; of means for varying the phase'of the electromotive 'force applied to the field-magnet winding substantially in accordance with variations of the current that traverses the armature-winding.

35. The combination with a source of polyphase alternating current and a dynamoelectric machine having armature and fieldmagnet windings connected to the respective phases thereof, of ineans for varying the phase of'the electromotive force applied to one of the windings substantially in accordance with variations of the phase difierence between the current and electromotive force of the other winding.

.36. The combination with a source of poly phase alternating current and a dynamoelectricmachine having armature and field magnet windings connected to the respective phases thereof, of means for varying the phase of the electromotive force applied to the field-magnet winding substantially in accordance with variations of the hase differencebetwe'en thecurrent and e ectromotive force of the armature-winding. 7

In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name this 3dcdav'n February, 1905.

BENJ. G. LAMME. 

